A review on non metal ion doped titania for the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants under UV/solar light: Role of photogenerated charge carrier dynamics in enhancing the activity

Abstract The multifunctional and advanced semiconductor titania with superior physicochemical and opto-electronic properties is extensively investigated in wastewater purification mainly due to its non-toxicity, favorable band edge positions, water insolubility, multifaceted electronic properties, surface acid–base properties, super hydrophilicity and so on. However, large band gap and massive photogenerated charge carrier recombination hinders its wide application under natural solar light. Thus, altering the surface-bulk structure of titania is a major goal in the area of both materials and environmental chemistry for its better applications. The substitution of p block elements (B, C, N, F, S, P, and I) either at Ti 4+ and O 2− sites is a promising approach to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks. This review focuses on the photocatalytic activity of non metal doped titania for a wide variety of pollutants degradation under UV/visible light, with special emphasis on nitrogen doped TiO 2 . Further improvement in photoactivity of N–TiO 2 is achieved via depositing with noble metals, co-doping with foreign ions, sensitization, surface modifications and heterostructuring with other semiconductors. The mechanism governing the photocatalytic reactions is discussed in the light of charge carrier generation–separation–transfer–recombination dynamics together with pollutant adsorption and their reactions with reactive oxygenated species in liquid or gaseous regime. We are positive that this review article will further stimulate our research interest on this intriguing hot topic.