Effects of a high‐fat and high‐carbohydrate diet on appetite regulation and central AMPK in the hypothalamus of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)

Abstract Adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy changes and controls food intake. This study investigates the effect of a high‐calorie diet (high fat diet [HFD], high carbohydrate diet [HCD] and high energy diet [HED]) on appetite and central AMPK in blunt snout bream. In the present study, fish (average initial weight 45.84 ± 0.07 g) were fed the control, HFD, HCD and HED in four replicates for 12 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, the result showed that body mass index, specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio and feed intake were not affected ( p > 0.05) by dietary treatment. However, fish fed the HFD obtained a significantly higher ( p < 0.05) lipid productive value, lipid gain and lipid intake than those fed the control diet, but no significant difference was attributed to others. Also, a significantly higher ( p < 0.05) energy intake content was found in fish‐fed HFD, HCD and HED than those given the control diet. Long‐term HFD and HCD feeding significantly increased ( p < 0.05) plasma glucose, glycated serum protein, advanced glycation end product, insulin and leptin content levels than the control group. Moreover, a significantly lower ( p < 0.05) complex 1, 2 and 3 content was found in fish‐fed HFD and HCD than in the control, but no differences ( p > 0.05) were attributed to those in HED. Fish‐fed HED significantly upregulated ( p < 0.05) hypothalamic ampα 1 and ampα 2 expression, whereas the opposite trend was observed in the hypothalamic mammalian target of rapamycin than those in HFD and HCD compared to the control. However, hypothalamic neuropeptide y, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (pparα), acetyl‐coa oxidase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 were significantly upregulated ( p < 0.05) in the HCD group, while the opposite was seen in cholecystokinin expression compared to those in the control group. Our findings indicated that the central AMPK signal pathway and appetite were modulated according to the diet's energy level to regulate nutritional status and maintain energy homoeostasis in fish.