Enhancing the crystallinity and stability of perovskite solar cells with 4-tert-butylpyridine induction for efficiency exceeding 24%

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a promising photovoltaic technology because of their high light absorption coefficient, long carrier diffusion distance, and tunable bandgap. However, PSCs face challenges such as hysteresis effects and stability issues. In this study, we introduced a novel approach to improve film crystallization by leveraging 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) molecules, thereby enhancing the performance and stability of PSCs. Our findings demonstrate the effective removal of PbI2 from the perovskite surface through strong coordination with TBP molecules. Additionally, by carefully adjusting the concentration of the TBP solution, we achieved enhanced film crystallinity without disrupting the perovskite structure. The TBP-treated perovskite films exhibit a low defect density, improved crystallinity, and improved carrier lifetime. As a result, the PSCs manufactured with TBP treatment achieve power conversion efficiency (PCE) exceeding 24%. Moreover, we obtained the PCE of 21.39% for the 12.25 cm2 module.