On membrane-based approaches for rare earths separation and extraction – Recent developments

This article aims to: i) review the current membrane-based methods in REEs separation focusing on non-liquid membranes (imprinted, polymer inclusion, nanocomposite, metal-/covalent organic framework membranes), ii) present the considerations of the essential scientific and technical issues, e.g. extraction performances, separation efficiency, REEs transport features, and iii) discuss their transport models and mechanisms as well as membrane stability.