Association between physical activity and depression in adult prescription opioid users: A cross-sectional analysis based on NHANES 2007–2018

This study was designed to examine the association between physical activity (PA) and depression among adult prescription opioid users. Data of adults who recently took prescription opioids were collected from NHANES 2007–2018. Participants were divided into two groups according to whether PA in each domain was >600 MET-min/week. According to weekly activity frequency, recreational physical activity (RPA) was divided into inactivity, insufficient activity, weekend warrior (WW), and regular activity. PHQ-9 scores ≥10 were identified as depression. RPA of >600 MET-min/week was associated with a 40% (OR: 0.60, 95%CI: 0.38–0.96, P = 0.032) reduction in the risk of depression. Restricted Cubic Spline plots found a nonlinear dose-response relationship between RPA and depression (P = 0.045), and the turning point of depression risk was around 600 MET-min/week. There was no significant difference in the risk of depression between the WW and inactivity groups (OR: 0.65, 95%CI: 0.25–1.72, P = 0.382). The regular activity group had an 45% (OR: 0.55, 95%CI: 0.31–0.99, P = 0.046)lower risk for depression than the inactivity group. Only regular RPA is associated with a reduced risk of depression, and RPA showed a nonlinear dose-response relationship. The antidepressant effect of the WW is not significant.