A century of evolution: Progress and milestones in fischer-tropsch synthesis

Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) has experienced significant advancements over the past century, establishing itself as a crucial technology for converting syngas (a mixture of CO and H 2 ) into valuable hydrocarbons, including synthetic fuels and chemicals. This review thoroughly examines the evolution of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, from its early beginnings to the latest innovations. Key advancements in catalyst design are explored, focusing on cobalt and iron-based systems, the role of bifunctional catalysts, and the influence of promoters and catalyst supports. Recent advances have driven significant interest in the design of bifunctional catalyst. These catalysts integrate syngas conversion with hydrocracking functionalities, enabling the direct and selective production of middle distillate fuels. The review critically examines the challenges of catalyst deactivation and the strategies to enhance activity, selectivity, and stability. Various reactor designs are discussed, from fixed-bed and fluidized-bed reactors to modern microchannel reactors and process intensification techniques. The transition towards sustainable feedstocks, including biomass and CO 2 , is also analyzed, with a particular emphasis on the potential of FTS in producing sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) from CO 2 . The review shows that while considerable progress has been achieved, significant breakthroughs have been relatively limited in recent decades. Ultimately, the review offers a forward-looking perspective, identifying key areas for future research and development that will shape the next century of progress for this vital technology. • Reviews a century of progress in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) technology. • Highlights advances in catalysts, including cobalt, iron, and bifunctional systems. • Discusses strategies to combat catalyst deactivation and boost performance. • Covers reactor designs from fixed-bed to microchannel and intensification. • Explores FTS for sustainable fuels, focusing on biomass and CO₂ feedstocks.