In-situ quantitative detection of irreversible lithium plating within full-lifespan of lithium-ion batteries

Irreversible lithium plating, as one of the unwanted side reactions, has a high risk of accelerating degradation to destroy the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Presently, most of the existing irreversible lithium plating detection methods are qualitative or post-mortem quantitative, and there is still a lack of an effective irreversible lithium plating in-situ quantitative detection method. Here, an in-situ quantitative irreversible lithium plating detection method within the full-lifespan of LIBs is proposed. Multi-battery parallel aging experiments are designed for the two abuse scenarios of low-temperature and high-current. By using scanning electron microscope (SEM), inductively coupled plasma-mass (ICP), and Argon-CP technology, the qualitative evolution and the quantitative detection method of irreversible lithium plating are explored. In order to make the proposed detection method non-destructive, two in-situ factors are analyzed to establish the mapping relationship with the measured irreversible lithium plating. It makes it possible that without post-mortem, the irreversible lithium plating, for the first time, is measured quantitatively only by the in-situ factors extracted from the cycle data. Our work provides a possibility for quantitative and onboard detection of irreversible lithium plating, which is of great significance for the development of battery prognostics and health management (PHM) and echelon utilization.