Solid phase microextraction for the bioanalysis of emerging organic pollutants

Emerging organic pollutants (EOPs) are a class of hazardous and poisonous organic substances with high biotoxicity, bioaccumulation and long-term residual. They can be enriched in organisms, leading to great risks to ecosystem and human health. Therefore, it is crucial to establish sensitive and reliable analytical methods to identify and detect EOPs in biological samples. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) has been well explored as an effective, environmental-friendly and automated sample preparation technique for bioanalysis. The development of high-efficiency SPME coatings, convenient sampling approaches and practical analytical instruments significantly promotes the rapid screening and accurate determination of EOPs. This review summarizes the SPME application of diverse EOPs in complex biological matrices, and also presents in vitro and in vivo SPME for bioanalysis. In addition, the promising biocompatible coatings and recently used analytical instruments are reviewed in this work, offering new perspectives for the innovation on SPME-based bioanalytical methods.