L-lysine dietary supplementation for childhood and adolescent growth: Promises and precautions

L-lysine (lysine) is an essential amino acid that plays a vital role in human nutrition. It serves as a key component in protein synthesis and fulfills critical roles in various physiological activities. For decades, lysine supplements have been extensively used to promote the growth and development of children, particularly in developing countries where cereal-based diets are everyday staples. This review aims to provide an overview of the overall effectiveness of lysine supplements concerning the growth of children and adolescents. Additionally, it addresses the potential precautions that should be considered when using lysine supplements in this context. Receiving lysine oral supplements and lysine-fortified cereal diets were observed to enhance nitrogen retention and improve anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, Z-scores, body mass index, and skinfold thickness. Furthermore, lysine positively influenced the children's developmental quotient and various serological biochemical parameters, such as hormones, immunological indicators, proteins, bone metabolic indicators, and red blood cell parameters. These supplements are generally considered clinically safe, with no reported toxicity where the related side effects are limited to subjective gastrointestinal tract symptoms. It is essential to be cautious about excessive intake of lysine, as it can lead to an imbalance of amino acids, thereby potentially suppressing its intended benefits. When used with appropriate precautions, lysine can serve as a safe supplement with promising benefits for the growth of children and adolescents. Nevertheless, further contemporary research studies on lysine supplementation would be insightful and valuable in better understanding its optimal use, potential benefits, and safety in promoting growth.