A randomized trial on the effects of heat stress abatement on environmental conditions and growth, feed efficiency, and concentration of metabolites of pre-weaned female Holstein calves

Heat abatement strategies for pre-weaned calves are seldom adopted. Our objectives were to determine the effects of adding fans to barns on environmental conditions and growth, feed efficiency, concentration of metabolites and health of pre-weaned female Holstein calves. Calves born from July 15th to 30th of 2019 were eligible for enrollment. At birth (d 0), calves were assigned randomly to: SH (n = 125) – hutch under a barn with no cooling, SHF (n = 101) – hutch under a barn cooled through fans. Body weight (BW) and wither-height were measured at birth and d 68. Calves were evaluated thrice weekly (0700–1000 h) using the Calf Health Scoring Chart (UW-Madison). A sub-sample of hutches (SH = 26, SHF = 25) was evaluated for air velocity and temperature at 1000 and 1600 h thrice weekly and calves housed in these hutches were evaluated for rectal temperature (RT) at 1600 h and respiratory rate (RR) at 1000 and 1600 h. Calves were fed a liquid diet twice a day (d 2–18 = 5.56 L/d; d 19–49 = 7.58 L/d; d 50–56 = 3.84 L/d; d 57–63 = 1.64 L/d) and starter ad libitum starting on d 14. A sub-sample of calves (SH = 56, SHF = 44) had intakes of liquid feed and starter measured daily, BW and wither-height measured weekly from birth to d 68, and blood sampled on d 1, 14, 28, 42, 49, 52, 56, 58, 63 and 65 for the measurement of fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, and glucose concentrations. The SHF treatment increased air velocity by 0.8 m/sec and reduced air temperature by 0.3 ºC. The SHF treatment reduced RT (38.70 ± 0.03 vs. 38.78 ± 0.02 °C) and the percentage of calves with hyperthermia (RT ≥ 39.2 °C; 20.6 ± 1.9 vs. 30.2 ± 2.0%) at 1000 h. Treatment did not affect feed efficiency (SH = 0.53 ± 0.01, SHF = 0.53 ± 0.01 g of BW gained/g of dry matter intake), nor did it affect BW (SH = 81.6 ± 0.7, SHF = 82.9 ± 0.8 kg) and wither-height (SH = 89.5 ± 0.3, SHF = 90.1 ± 0.3 cm) on d 68. Concentrations of metabolites were not affected by treatment. Cooling the environment through fans reduced RT and the risk of hyperthermia at 1000 h but it did not affect performance of pre-weaned Holstein calves.