生物
活力测定
多细胞生物
程序性细胞死亡
细胞生物学
细胞
生物加工
计算生物学
组织工程
细胞凋亡
生物化学
遗传学
作者
Angela C. Debruyne,Irina A. Okkelman,Ruslan I. Dmitriev
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.09.005
摘要
Cell death is a phenomenon, frequently perceived as an absolute event for cell, tissue and the organ. However, the rising popularity and complexity of such 3D multicellular 'tissue building blocks' as heterocellular spheroids, organoids, and 'assembloids' prompts to revise the definition and quantification of cell viability and death. It raises several questions on the overall viability of all the cells within 3D volume and on choosing the appropriate, continuous, and non-destructive viability assay enabling for a single-cell analysis. In this review, we look at cell viability and cell death modalities with attention to the intrinsic features of such 3D models as spheroids, organoids, and bioprints. Furthermore, we look at emerging and promising methodologies, which can help define and understand the balance between cell viability and death in dynamic and complex 3D environments. We conclude that the recent innovations in biofabrication, biosensor probe development, and fluorescence microscopy can help answer these questions.
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