BATF2 inhibits the stem cell-like properties and chemoresistance of gastric cancer cells through PTEN/AKT/β-catenin pathway

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) ranks as the fifth leading cause of cancer mortality, with cancer stem cells (CSCs) playing a critical role in tumor progression and resistance to chemotherapy. Conventional chemotherapy often fails to effectively target these stem cells. BATF2, a tumor suppressor, is known for its role in gastric cancer, but its influence on cancer stem cell-like properties and chemotherapy response remains unclear. Methods: Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis was performed on 9 gastric cancer samples to evaluate the expression and regulatory function of BATF2. In vitro experiments involving cell cultures, tumor cell spheroids, and organoids were conducted to assess BATF2's impact on 5-Fu sensitivity and its interaction with drug transporters and signaling pathways. In vivo studies, including subcutaneous tumor formation assays, immunohistochemistry, and immunoblotting, were used to validate findings. Results: BATF2 was confirmed as a tumor suppressor in gastric cancer through scRNA-seq analysis. Elevated BATF2 expression correlated with improved outcomes from postoperative chemotherapy in GC patients and increased sensitivity to 5-Fu. BATF2 enhanced 5-Fu responsiveness by inhibiting the ABCG2 drug transporter and promoting PTEN stability, which suppressed AKT phosphorylation. This led to reduced nuclear β-catenin levels and decreased expression of stem cell markers CD44, SOX2, and NANOG, ultimately reducing chemoresistance and stem-like properties in GC cells. Conclusions: BATF2 plays a pivotal role in regulating stem-like characteristics and chemoresistance in gastric cancer through the BATF2/PTEN/AKT/ABCG2 pathway. These findings suggest a novel therapeutic strategy targeting BATF2 to enhance chemotherapy effectiveness in gastric cancer treatment.