From Nano- to Macromechanical Properties of Wood via the Hierarchy of Its Structural Units and Size Effects (A Review)

Abstract A review presents the results of current studies of wood’s hierarchical structure using modern physical means on the nano- to the macro scales. Relationships between structure and mechanical properties at these levels are discussed. It is shown that size effects in wood strength obey the Hall–Petch relationship in a range of around six orders of magnitude of structural unit characteristic sizes.