作者
Michael A. Krainak,Mark Stephen,Elisavet Troupaki,Sarah A. Tedder,Baraquiel Reyna,Jonathan Klamkin,Huajun Zhao,Bowen Song,Joseph Fridlander,Minh A. Tran,John E. Bowers,Keren Bergman,Mich Lipson,Anthony Rizzo,Ipshita Datta,Nathan C. Abrams,Shayan Mookherjea,Seng Tiong Ho,Qiang Bei,Yingyan Huang,Yanfei Tu,Behzad Moslehi,James S. Harris,Matsko Andrey,Anatoliy A. Savchenkov,Guangyao Liu,Roberto Proietti,S. J. B. Yoo,Leif Johansson,C. Dorrer,Francisco R. Arteaga-Sierra,Jie Qiao,Songbin Gong,Tingyi Gu,Osgar John Ohanian,Xingjie Ni,Yimin Ding,Yao Duan,Hamed Dir,Ray T. Chen,Volker J. Sorger,Tin Komljenović
摘要
NASA is working with US industry and academia to develop Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) for: (1) Sensors (2) Analog RF applications (3) Computing and free space communications. The PICs provide reduced size, weight, and power that is critical for space-based systems. We describe recent breakthrough 3D monolithic integration of photonic structures, particularly high-speed graphene-silicon devices on CMOS electronics to create CMOS-compatible highbandwidth transceivers for ultra-low power Terabit-scale optical communications. An integrated graphene electro-optic modulator has been demonstrated with a bandwidth of 30 GHz. Graphene microring modulators are especially attractive for dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) systems. For space-based optical communication and ranging we have demonstrated generating a variable number of channels from a single laser using breadboard components, using a single-sideband carrier-suppressed (SSBCS) modulator driven by an externally-supplied RF tone (arbitrary RF frequency), a tunable optical bandpass filter, and an optical amplifier which are placed in a loop. We developed a Return--to-Zero (RZ) Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) laser transmitter PIC using an InP technology platform that includes a tunable laser, a Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA), high-speed Mach-Zehnder Modulator (MZM), and an electroabsorption (EAM) modulator. A Silicon Nitride (SiN) platform integrated photonic circuit suitable for a spectrally pure chip-scale tunable opto-electronic RF oscillator (OEO) that can operate as a flywheel in high precision optical clock modules, as well as radio astronomy, spectroscopy, and local oscillator in radar and communications systems is needed. We have demonstrated a low noise optical frequency combs generation from a small OEO prototypes containing very low loss (~1 dB) waveguide couplers of various shapes and sizes integrated with an ultrahigh-Q MgF2 resonators. An innovative miniaturized lab-on-a-chip device is being developed to directly monitor astronaut health during missions using ~3 drops of body fluid sample like blood, urine, and potentially other body fluids like saliva, sweat or tears. The first-generation system comprises a miniaturized biosensor based on PICs (including Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser – VCSEL, photodetector and optical filters and biochemical assay that generates a fluorescent optical signal change in response to the target analyte.