Antileishmanial Activity of 5-Methyl-2,2′ : 5′,2″-terthiophene Isolated from Porophyllum ruderale is Related to Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Leishmania amazonensis

Recently, our group isolated and reported the antiproliferative activity in promastigotes and axenic amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis treated with 5-methyl-2,2′:5′,2″-terthiophene (compound A) and 5′-methyl–[5–(4–acetoxy-1–butynyl)]–2,2′-bi-thiophene (compound B) isolated from the aerial parts of Porophyllum ruderale. Here, we demonstrated that both compounds exhibited activity against intracellular amastigotes showing IC₅₀ values of 37 and 51 µg/mL for compounds A and B, respectively. Both compounds showed low levels of toxicity for human cells, even at the highest concentrations (hemolytic index < 10 % at 500 µg/mL). Promastigotes treated with compound A showed an alteration in the mitochondrial membrane when observed by flow cytometry through labeling with rhodamine 123 and this was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Alterations on morphology (rounded cells) were observed by scanning electron microscopy in parasites treated with the compounds. Further studies should be performed employing compounds A and B for the development of new drugs for chemotherapy of leishmaniasis.