Optimizing resilience and sustainability: a tri-level energy management framework for multi-energy microgrids with power-to-hydrogen technology

Abstract This paper proposes a novel tri-layer energy management system (EMS) architecture for community microgrids, consisting of a Primary Community Microgrid (PCMG) layer, multiple Microgrid (MG) layers, and individual prosumer layers. The framework is designed to enhance coordination, autonomy, and efficiency in distributed energy systems. A dual-level optimization strategy is adopted: day-ahead planning at the PCMG level and real-time scheduling at the MG and prosumer levels. Each layer operates under a distinct objective function – cost minimization, profit maximization, and utility satisfaction while maintaining inter-layer communication and decision consistency. A simulation-based case study is conducted using realistic parameters to evaluate the framework’s performance under various operating scenarios. The validation demonstrates the framework’s effectiveness in improving energy distribution, enhancing prosumer participation, and reducing overall operational costs. Comparative results with a conventional single-layer EMS model are presented using graphical and numerical analyses, confirming the proposed framework’s advantages in flexibility, scalability, and energy efficiency.