Water/Ice/Snow Depth-Detection Technology on Road and Airport Runway Pavement Surface: Literature Review

Water, ice, and snow on pavement surfaces significantly affect the frictional resistance of roads and airport runways, so accurately obtaining pavement surface condition information, particularly the detection of water/ice/snow depth, is crucial for evaluating anti-skid performance. Based on the current policy background and the global perspective, this study conducted a literature review of nearly 300 publications related to pavement water, ice, and snow depth detection, and classified, counted, and summarized 211 publications. This research explored both non-contact and contact detection methods in detail, among which non-contact methods include laser, infrared, ultrasonic, radar, and other remote technologies; contact methods encompass optical (fiber-optic, infrared type), electrical (capacitive, piezoelectric, impedance, resistive type), and other types of pavement sensors. For these technologies, this research detailed their detection principles, technological development status, and key technical parameters including depth accuracy and range, analyzing the factors affecting the reliability of these technologies. Through analyzing the application of commercial products, the practical performance of these technologies was further assessed. The techs’ advantages and limitations in range, accuracy, functionality, economy, and durability are compared. Furthermore, the pavement surface weather condition information system was introduced, accompanied by examples showcasing the functionalities of various digital systems and artificial intelligence applications. Lastly, a framework for the future application of pavement surface weather condition detection was outlooked.