Ginkgolide K delays the progression of osteoarthritis by regulating YAP to promote the formation of cartilage extracellular matrix

Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease characterized by cartilage wear and degradation. Ginkgolide K (GK) is a natural compound extracted from Ginkgo biloba leaves and possesses anti‐inflammatory and anti‐apoptotic effects. We found that the biological characteristics of GK were highly consistent with those of OA medications. This study aimed to determine and verify the therapeutic effect of GK on OA and mechanism of its therapeutic effect. For the in vivo experiment, OA rats were regularly injected in the articular cavity with GK, and the curative effects were observed after 4 and 8 weeks. For the in vitro experiment, we treated OA chondrocytes with different concentrations of GK and then detected the related indices of OA. Through the in vivo and in vitro experiments, we found that GK could promote the production of major components of the cartilage extracellular matrix. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that GK may activate hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 alpha via the hypoxia signaling pathway, which, in turn, activates yes‐associated protein and inhibits apoptosis of OA chondrocytes. GK has a therapeutic effect on OA and, therefore, has the potential to be developed into a new drug for OA treatment.