The Augmentation of nanotechnology era: A concise review on fundamental concepts of nanotechnology and applications in material science and technology

The present era in terms of research is recognised as an era of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Since almost all the branches of science, engineering and technology are coalesce together to give effective solutions in all manner to serve the mankind better. The term nanomaterial becoming popular day after day and gaining the attention of academician, research scholars, and scientists due to its unique properties as compared to the bulk material. The main motive to write the review is to elaborates the fundamental concepts of nanotechnology, origin of nanotechnology, characteristics of properties of nanomaterials such as shape and size, surface charge and stability, quantum size effect, optical properties, mechanical, magnetic, thermal, electrical properties, chemical structure and composition, catalytic activity and the fabrication methods (Top-down and bottom-up methods). The review further extends to convolutes the systematic classification of nanomaterials based on configuration and dimensionality such as 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D. In addition to this, the review also focused on the surface morphology, chemical nature and various compositional based nanostructures such as organic nanoparticles (NP’s), inorganic NP’s, carbon based NP’s, hybrid and composite based NP’s. The various magnetic characteristics associated with materials such as paramagnetic, diamagnetic, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic domains are also tangled in the present review. Presently researchers are looking towards nanotechnology as an remedy to solve several problems associated with environment and ecology. The every main filed of science and technology such as catalysis, biotechnology, sensor technology, fuel economy, fuel crisis, biosensors, effluent treatment, solar cells technology, energy resources etc. are moving towards the centre one theme and that is nanotechnology. According to the modern researchers in the upcoming years the nanotechnology may be utilized to frame the new objects with help invented nanomaterials and it will be based on flexible nanocomposite which can be utilized to reduce the size objects such mobile gadgets, computers, laptops, cars etc. The materials can be foldable and having recused size. In addition to that the nanotechnology can also be utilized to fabricate the wearable sensor materials. These wearable sensors will be able to sense the toxic pollutants and other gases in specific concentration and that are wearable on body. This term will recognise in future as wearable fitness technology. The next future of nanotechnology is also related with self-healing structures which will be utilized to enhance problems associated with aircraft cockpits and microelectronics. In future nanotechnology will also be utilized in the form of ultra-dense memory that will allow storing the maximum amount of data. Most important application of nanomaterials is environmental based and recognized in the form of tackling climate change. Thus, in overall it can be summarized as nanotechnology will next future for human being and better ness of environment.