Ancient large‐scale gene duplications and diversification in bryophytes illuminate the plant terrestrialization

Summary Large‐scale gene duplications (LSGDs) are crucial for evolutionary adaptation and recurrent in vascular plants. However, the role of ancient LSGDs in the terrestrialization and diversification of bryophytes, the second most species‐rich group of land plants, remains largely elusive due to limited sampling in bryophytes. Employing the most extensive nuclear gene dataset in bryophytes to date, we reconstructed a time‐calibrated phylogenetic tree from 209 species, covering virtually all key bryophyte lineages, for phylogenomic analyses of LSGDs and diversification. We newly identified two ancient LSGDs: one in the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of extant bryophytes and another in the MRCA of the majority of Jungermanniales s. lato . Duplicated genes from these two LSGDs show significant enrichment in photosynthesis‐related processes and structures. Rhizoid‐responsive ROOTHAIR DEFECTIVE SIX‐LIKE ( RSL ) genes from ancient LSGDs are present in rhizoidless bryophytes, challenging assumptions about rhizoid absence mechanisms. We highlighted four major diversification rate upshifts, two of which slightly postdated LSGDs, potentially linked to the flourishing of gymnosperms and angiosperms and explaining over 80% of bryophyte diversity. Our findings, supported by extensive bryophyte sampling, highlight the significance of LSGDs in the early terrestrialization and diversification of bryophytes, offering new insights into land plant evolution.