Cultural services and non-use values

Cultural ecosystem services and non-use values (e.g., existence value, bequest value, option value) present some of the most compelling reasons for conserving ecosystems. They are also some of the most controversial. Characterization of these values and especially quantification of their worth are hotly contested. This chapter begins by summarizing conventional classifications of cultural and non-use values, and considering whether treatments that combine disparate values project an accurate representation that promotes clearer understanding. It then discusses the values that can be characterized appropriately as ecosystem services, and whether and how each can be assessed using a simple modelling approach that identifies a biophysical unit, characterizes units in quantitative, biophysical terms, and thereafter separates valuation of the units as applicable for local circumstances. For these intangible services associated with cultural and non-use values, the chapter discusses the circumstances in which valuation can be done without in-place studies (tier 1) and the circumstances in which in-place studies are necessary (tier 2). It offers some reference to value elicitation methods useful to ecosystem service contexts, and closes with a discussion of the methods available for integrating cultural and non-use values into ecosystem services planning.