Recent progress on molecularly near-infrared fluorescent probes for chemotherapy and phototherapy

Recently, molecularly fluorophores for nanotheranostics, bridging in vivo imaging and therapeutic capability within unimolecular system, has attracted increasing attention. Compared with the visible fluorescence imaging, near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging possesses unique advantages including low background, deep penetration, and minimal damage to biological tissues. Based on the typical high-performance fluorophores, we highlight the recent progress on molecularly NIR fluorescent probes for in vivo chemotherapy and phototherapy with a particular focus on their design strategy and functionalization. Current challenges and future perspectives of molecularly NIR fluorescent theranostics in bringing forth clinical applications for personalized treatment are also discussed.