Reversing vemurafenib‐resistance in primary melanoma cells by combined romidepsin and type I IFN treatment through blocking of tumorigenic signals and induction of immunogenic effects

BRAFV600 mutations are the most common oncogenic alterations in melanoma cells, supporting proliferation, invasion, metastasis and immune evasion. In patients, these aberrantly activated cellular pathways are inhibited by BRAFi whose potent antitumor effect and therapeutic potential are dampened by the development of resistance. Here, by using primary melanoma cell lines, generated from lymph node lesions of metastatic patients, we show that the combination of two FDA-approved drugs, the histone deacetylate inhibitor (HDCAi) romidepsin and the immunomodulatory agent IFN-α2b, reduces melanoma proliferation, long-term survival and invasiveness and overcomes acquired resistance to the BRAFi vemurafenib (VEM). Targeted resequencing revealed that each VEM-resistant melanoma cell line and the parental counterpart are characterized by a distinctive and similar genetic fingerprint, shaping the differential and specific antitumor modulation of MAPK/AKT pathways by combined drug treatment. By using RNA-sequencing and functional in vitro assays, we further report that romidepsin-IFN-α2b treatment restores epigenetically silenced immune signals, modulates MITF and AXL expression and induces both apoptosis and necroptosis in sensitive and VEM-resistant primary melanoma cells. Moreover, the immunogenic potential of drug-treated VEM-resistant melanoma cells results significantly enhanced, given the increased phagocytosis rate of these cells by dendritic cells, which in turn exhibit also a selective down-modulation of the immune checkpoint TIM-3. Overall, our results provide evidence that combined epigenetic-immune drugs can overcome VEM resistance of primary melanoma cells by oncogenic and immune pathways reprogramming, and pave the way for rapidly exploiting this combination to improve BRAFi-resistant metastatic melanoma treatment, also via reinforcement of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.