A cross-scenario and cross-subject domain adaptation method for driving fatigue detection

Abstract Objective. The scarcity of electroencephalogram (EEG) data, coupled with individual and scenario variations, leads to considerable challenges in real-world EEG-based driver fatigue detection. We propose a domain adaptation method that utilizes EEG data collected from a laboratory to supplement real-world EEG data and constructs a cross-scenario and cross-subject driver fatigue detection model for real-world scenarios. Approach. First, we collect EEG data from subjects participating in a driving experiment conducted in both laboratory and real-world scenarios. To address the issue of data scarcity, we build a real-world fatigued driving detection model by integrating the real-world data with the laboratory data. Then, we propose a method named cross-scenario and cross-subject domain adaptation (CS2DA), which aims to eliminate the domain shift problem caused by individual variances and scenario differences. Adversarial learning is adopted to extract the common features observed across different subjects within the same scenario. The multikernel maximum mean discrepancy (MK-MMD) method is applied to further minimize scenario differences. Additionally, we propose a conditional MK-MMD constraint to better utilize label information. Finally, we use seven rules to fuse the predicted labels. Main results. We evaluate the CS2DA method through extensive experiments conducted on the two EEG datasets created in this work: the SEED-VLA and the SEED-VRW datasets. Different domain adaptation methods are used to construct a real-world fatigued driving detection model using data from laboratory and real-world scenarios, as well as a combination of both. Our findings show that the proposed CS2DA method outperforms the existing traditional and adversarial learning-based domain adaptation approaches. We also find that combining data from both laboratory and real-world scenarios improves the performance of the model. Significance. This study contributes two EEG-based fatigue driving datasets and demonstrates that the proposed CS2DA method can effectively enhance the performance of a real-world fatigued driving detection model.