Upfront lipid-lowering combination therapy in high cardiovascular risk patients: a route to effective atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention

Abstract Despite three decades of using statin therapy, 20 years of experience with ezetimbe, and availability of innovative non-statin lipid lowering therapies (LLT), there are still about 70% patients over the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goal, with every 5-6th being over the target from the group of very high and extremely high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk patients. Adding another even every 5th patient at very high CVD risk without any LLT, makes this situation highly frustrating, especially lipid disorders are the most common CVD risk factor with the prevalence of over 60%, with the worst awareness within all cardiovascular risk factors (only about 15% people knows their LDL-C level). To answer this since 2021 there is an approach to apply upfront (immediate) lipid lowering combination therapy of statin and ezetimibe in very high and extremely high-risk patients to be on the LDL-C target as low as possible, but especially as early as possible, enabling to introduce the third line therapy (i.e., bempedoic acid and/or PCSK9 targeted therapy) already after 4-6 weeks. This review discusses the current stage of knowledge and recent data on the group of patients that might benefit the most from the upfront combination LLT, when it should be optimally implemented, and the recent data on its role on LDL-C reduction, cardiovascular and mortality outcomes as well as safety issues.