Lipid A-modified Escherichia coli can produce porcine parvovirus virus-like particles with high immunogenicity and minimal endotoxin activity

A cost-effective Escherichia coli expression system has gained popularity for producing virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines. However, the challenge lies in balancing the endotoxin residue and removal costs, as residual endotoxins can cause inflammatory reactions in the body.