Bimetallic and multimetallic MOFs and their derivatives

To enhance the energy conversion and storage capabilities of monometallic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives, it has been suggested to introduce heterometallic ions into the nodes of frameworks for the construction of bimetallic and even multimetallic MOFs and their derivatives. The bimetallic and multimetallic system will be able to exhibit synergistic effects when the second or more heterometallic ions are partially substituted in the inorganic nodes or secondary-building units in the framework will allow the bimetallic system to show. Building bimetallic and multimetallic MOFs is a very effective and promising strategy to introduce new features or enhance performance in energy conversion and storage fields, in addition to being of basic importance for material structure studies. The amounts of the metals may be changed or even manipulated in bimetallic and multimetallic MOFs, providing the opportunity to tailor the physicochemical characteristics of MOF materials. And their derivatives, including carbon, metal oxides, metal carbides, metal hydroxides, metal phosphides, composites of metal carbides and carbon, etc., appear to be more popular than the pristine MOFs and their composites in practical applications. There have been various reports of synthesized bimetallic and multimetallic MOFs, as well as their derivatives. In this chapter, we carefully review a number of popular classes of MOF and their derivative materials, focusing primarily on examples based on Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn. The atomic number of the metal elements is organized and merged here to determine the order of emergence of the following categories.