Metal-organic framework composites as green/sustainable catalysts

Abstract Porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have always been of interest to scientists in all fields of chemistry since their introduction. Due to their brilliant characteristic features, MOFs have been employed in various applications, especially as heterogeneous catalysts. The composite method is among the most important and practical approaches to optimize the performance of MOFs as a catalyst. Combination of MOFs with selected materials provides many benefits for the newly formed compounds (MOF composites) including the synergistic effect that has a vital role in catalysis applications, and elimination of the obstacles associated with the use of bare MOFs. However, environmental hazards should be considered during the synthesis and processing of MOF composites. This study reviews the recent developments in various classes of green MOF composites, their preparations, and use of MOF composites as a green and sustainable catalyst. The use of MOF composites as catalysts in several typical reactions including cycloadditions, CO2 insertions, cyanosilylations, and condensations are also investigated. Indeed, we try to illustrate that not only green reactants, including metal nodes, linkers, solvents, and guests, can impact reducing chemical pollution, but also catalysis reactions in mild or solvent-free conditions can promote their widely safe applicability at both scientific and industrial levels.