Fly ash and slag

Low-calcium (FA) and high-calcium (HCFA) fly ash and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) are the most widely known, standardized and used SCMs in the composition of cement and concrete. In the last 4 years, scientific work has focused on improving binder properties (e.g. long setting time, low early strength etc.) containing large quantities of FA, HCFA and GBFS. The main directions of activity are the introduction of high-level additives to concrete composition, such as nano-materials, chemical and mechanical activation. Due to the limited access to FA and GBFS, a large amount of studies is devoted to seeking synergies between FA, HCFA, GBFS and limestone. The research works focused on durability characteristics of composites cement containing FA, HCFA and GBFS. Moreover, attention was given to prospects of future application of other types of fly ashes and slags in cement and concrete.