A Sustainable Approach for the Use of Perovskite in Photovoltaics by Reduction or Elimination of Toxic Lead

Solar power harnessing has grabbed significant attention to be a cleaner and sustainable energy source in recent decades. Considerable material research has been advanced to increase the efficiency of power conversion, scalability, stability, hence, the sustainability of the solar cell modules, among which perovskite photovoltaic technology exhibits exceptional results. Its remarkable power conversion efficiency and straightforward mechanism make it a potential alternative for traditional silicon-based solar cells. Despite its distinguished photoelectric properties, lead as the light-absorbing layer in hybrid, organic–inorganic lead halide (PSCs) hinders their scalability. Damaged perovskite solar cells tend to leach out this heavy and toxic element into the environment, leading to potential risks to the EHS (environment, health, and safety). This literature review indicates the current challenges involved in the usage, leakage, and disposal of lead during the fabrication and commercialization of PSCs. The review also puts forth a sustainable approach to commercialize PSCs while retaining their efficiency and stability. The proposed methodologies involve the recycling and replacement measures and strategies for the sequestration of lead in the PSC to advance its market entry.