Genes determining panicle morphology and grain quality in rice (

The world's increase in rice (Oryza sativa L.) production is not keeping up with the increase in its population. To boost the introduction of new high-yielding cultivars, knowledge is being gained on the genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) determining the panicle phenotype. The important are those determining yield of the crop, such as grain numbers per panicle and size and weight of the grains. Biochemical and molecular functions of many of them are understood in some details. Among these, OsCKX2 and OsSPL14 have been shown to increase panicle branching and grain numbers when overexpressed. Furthermore, miRNAs appear to play an important role in determining the panicle morphology by regulating the expressions of the genes like OsSPL14 and GRF4 involved in panicle branching and grain numbers and length. Mutations also greatly influence the grain shape and size. However, the information gained so far on the genetic regulation of grain filling and panicle morphology has not been successfully put into commercial application. Furthermore, the identification of the gene(s)/QTLs regulating panicle compactness is still lacking, which may enable the researchers to convert a compact-panicle cultivar into a lax/open one, and thereby increasing the chances of enhancing the yield of a desired compact-panicle cultivar obtained by the breeding effort.