Focal cortical dysplasia: an update on diagnosis and treatment

Focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs) represent the most common etiology in pediatric drug-resistant focal epilepsies undergoing surgical treatment. The localization, extent and histopathological features of FCDs are considerably variable. Somatic mosaic mutations of genes that encode proteins in the PI3K-AKTmTOR pathway, which also includes the tuberous sclerosis associated genes TSC1 and TSC2, have been implicated in FCD type II in a substantial subset of patients. Surgery is the principal therapeutic option for FCD-related epilepsy. Advanced neurophysiological and neuroimaging techniques have improved surgical outcome and reduced the risk of postsurgical deficits. Pharmacological MTOR inhibitors are being tested in clinical trials and might represent an example of personalized treatment of epilepsy based on the known mechanisms of disease, used alone or in combination with surgery.This review will critically analyze the advances in the diagnosis and treatment of FCDs, with a special focus on the novel therapeutic options prompted by a better understanding of their pathophysiology.Focal cortical dysplasia is a main cause of drug-resistant epilepsy, especially in children. Novel, personalized approaches are needed to more effectively treat FCD-related epilepsy and its cognitive consequences.