Correlated Electrical and Optical Studies of Hybrid Argon Gas–Water Plasmas and their Application to Tooth Whitening

Abstract Radio frequency (RF) driven hybrid gas–water plasma for tooth whitening was developed and the plasma chemical reactions with de‐ionized (DI) water were studied. Plasma operating conditions, such as RF input power and argon flow rate were correlated with plasma lengths. The operation of hybrid gas–water plasma changed both the electrical conductivity and pH concentration of the DI water. OH and H 2 O 2 densities were measured to determine the dominant species generated by plasma. The major chemical reaction pathways and known rate constants are given in support of the analysis of major chemical reaction pathways. Finally, we demonstrated that the hybrid gas–water configuration achieved porcine tooth whitening. magnified image