Assessment of the CYP3A4 Induction Potential by Carbamazepine: Insights from two Clinical DDI Studies and PBPK Modeling

In the past, rifampicin was well established as strong index CYP3A inducer in clinical drug‐drug interaction (DDI) studies. However, due to identified potentially genotoxic nitrosamine impurities, it should not any longer be used in healthy volunteer studies. Available clinical data suggest carbamazepine as an alternative to rifampicin as strong index CYP3A4 inducer in clinical DDI studies. Further, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is a tool with increasing importance to support the DDI risk assessment of drugs during drug development. CYP3A4 induction properties and the safety profile of carbamazepine was investigated in two open‐label, fixed sequence, cross‐over clinical pharmacology studies in healthy volunteers using midazolam as sensitive index CYP3A4 substrate. Carbamazepine was up‐titrated from 100 mg twice daily (BID) to 200 mg BID, and to a final dose of 300 mg BID for 10 consecutive days. Mean AUC of midazolam consistently decreased by 71.8% (ratio: 0.282; 90% CI: 0.235‐0.340) and 67.7% (ratio: 0.323; 90% CI: 0.256‐0.407) in Study 1 and Study 2, respectively. The effect was adequately described by an internally developed PBPK model for carbamazepine which has been made freely available to the scientific community. Further, carbamazepine was safe and well tolerated in the investigated dosing regimen in healthy participants. The results demonstrated that the presented design is appropriate for the use of carbamazepine as alternative inducer to rifampicin in DDI studies acknowledging its CYP3A4 inductive potency and safety profile.