胶质母细胞瘤
免疫系统
免疫疗法
肿瘤微环境
逃避(道德)
嵌合抗原受体
胶质瘤
生物
免疫病理学
抗原
免疫检查点
医学
肿瘤进展
T细胞
癌症研究
PD-L1
抑制器
免疫耐受
干细胞
癌症免疫疗法
细胞毒性T细胞
CTLA-4号机组
免疫学
作者
Jiabo Li,James Ross,Dolores Hambardzumyan,Daniel J. Brat
出处
期刊:Annual Review of Pathology-mechanisms of Disease
[Annual Reviews]
日期:2025-10-08
卷期号:21 (1): 135-162
被引量:8
标识
DOI:10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-042524-025950
摘要
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most frequent and malignant primary brain tumor, is characterized by a highly diverse and profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) that provides an unconstrained environment for tumor progression and significantly complicates therapeutic interventions. Despite advances in immunotherapeutic approaches, such as chimeric antigen receptor T cell and immune checkpoint inhibitors, efficacy remains limited due to the complexity of the GBM TME and robust immune evasion mechanisms. In this review, we elucidate the intricate interplay among cellular components within the TME that lead to this immunosuppressive state, including tumor-associated macrophages/microglia, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells, and glioma stem cells, as well as other critical elements that contribute to TME complexity, such as the severe hypoxia associated with central necrosis, the blood-brain barrier, and the extracellular matrix. This review also highlights mechanisms of immune evasion and recent immunotherapeutic approaches along with their biologic rationale, underscoring the need for integrated therapeutic strategies that both target immunosuppressive elements and enhance immune activation.
科研通智能强力驱动
Strongly Powered by AbleSci AI