A Comprehensive Review of ns‐3‐Based Simulation Frameworks for LEO Satellite Constellations: Capabilities and Limitations

ABSTRACT Background Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations are redefining the concept of global connectivity, opening up a new world of opportunities for communication services and applications. Purpose The emergence of LEO satellites (SATs) is ushering in a new era of innovation, where new complex technologies are being developed, and the use of appropriate simulation environments is an essential part of this. LEO constellations promise low‐latency, high‐bandwidth Internet but require robust simulation tools due to their dynamic nature and the integration of numerous terrestrial and space nodes. Results In this paper, we review ns‐3‐based simulation frameworks widely referenced in relevant research work in the field of LEO constellation communications. We provide a technical overview, highlighting strengths and limitations, and offering valuable knowledge of the overall simulation tools for researchers focusing on high‐level end‐to‐end communication aspects over LEO constellations.