Citral alleviates peptidoglycan‐induced inflammation and disruption of barrier functions in porcine intestinal epithelial cells

肽聚糖 柠檬醛 炎症 TLR2型 微生物学 免疫系统 先天免疫系统 金黄色葡萄球菌 脂磷壁酸 生物 势垒函数 枯草芽孢杆菌 化学 细胞生物学 生物化学 免疫学 细菌 食品科学 遗传学 精油
作者
Qiao Li,Changning Yu,Yanhong Chen,Shangxi Liu,Paula Azevedo,Joshua Gong,O Karmin,Chengbo Yang
出处
期刊:Journal of Cellular Physiology [Wiley]
卷期号:237 (3): 1768-1779 被引量:12
标识
DOI:10.1002/jcp.30640
摘要

Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a major polymer in bacterial cell walls and may constrain gut functionality and lower intestinal efficiencies in livestock. Citral has been reported to exhibit antibacterial and anti-inflammatory biological activities, improving the gastrointestinal function of swine. However, the protective effect of citral against PGN-elicited cellular responses and possible underlying mechanisms are unknown. In this study, the porcine jejunal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) was challenged with PGN from Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) or Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) to explore PGN-induced inflammatory responses. Our data showed that the inflammatory response stimulated by PGN from harmful bacteria (S. aureus) was more potent than that from commensal bacteria (B. subtilis) in IPEC-J2 cells. Based on the inflammatory model by PGN from S. aureus, it was demonstrated that PGN could significantly induce inflammatory cytokine production and influence nutrient absorption and barrier function in a dose-dependent manner. However, the PGN-mediated immune responses were remarkably suppressed by citral. In addition, citral significantly attenuated the effect of PGN on the intestine nutrient absorption and barrier function. The expression of TLR2 was strongly induced by PGN stimulation, which was suppressed by citral. All data nominated that citral downregulated PGN-induced inflammation via TLR2-mediated activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in IPEC-J2 cells. Furthermore, the results also indicate that the PGN degradation through the inclusion of enzymes (e.g., muramidase) as well as the inclusion of citral for attenuating inflammation may improve pig gut health and functionality.

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