Co‐encapsulation of rutinoside and β‐carotene in liposomes modified by rhamnolipid: Antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, storage stability, and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion

Abstract The surfactant rhamnolipid (RL) was used to modify the liposomes. β‐carotene (βC) and rutinoside (Rts) were utilized to generate co‐encapsulated liposomes through an ethanol injection method that used both hydrophilic and hydrophobic cavities to fabricate a novel cholesterol‐free composite delivery system. The RL complex‐liposomes loaded with βC and Rts (RL–βC–Rts) showed higher loading efficiency and good physicochemical properties (size = 167.48 nm, zeta‐potential = −5.71 mV, and polydispersity index = 0.23). Compared with other samples, the RL–βC–Rts showed better antioxidant activities and antibacterial ability. Moreover, dependable stability was uncovered in RL–βC–Rts with still 85.2% of βC storage from nanoliposome after 30 days at 4°C. Furthermore, in simulated gastrointestinal digestion, βC exhibited good release kinetic properties. The present study demonstrated that liposomes constructed from RLs offer a promising avenue for the design of multicomponent nutrient delivery systems using both hydrophilic.