Poly( l -lactic acid)/gelatin microfiber membrane loaded with mitomycin C promoting bladder defect repair by anti-fibrosis and antibacterial action

. In rat partial cystectomy models, the PLLA/GEL/MMC group showed a reduction in collagen III deposition through inhibition of the TGF-β/Smad2 pathway, as well as enhanced urothelium regeneration and promotion of angiogenesis. Notably, the membrane maintained cell viability for both urothelial cells and smooth muscle cells over 7 days, confirming its biocompatibility. These findings highlight the promising potential of the PLLA/GEL/MMC microfiber membrane not only as a material for bladder tissue engineering but also as a tool for therapeutic intervention that addresses multiple facets of bladder healing and regeneration.