Research progress on paternal mitochondrial inheritance: An overview

Mitochondria are self-replicating organelles with their own DNA. They play a crucial role in biological, cellular and functional processes, such as energy production, metabolism, and signal transduction. Abnormal mitochondrial function can cause various diseases such as diabetes, tumour, Parkinson's disease, hereditary optic neuropathy, and others. Although mitochondrial functions have been extensively and widely explored, studies on mitochondrial inheritance have been limited. Mitochondrial inheritance is traditionally thought to be maternal although small amounts of paternally transmitted mitochondria have been discovered on rare occasions, and the role of paternal mitochondria transmission to offspring has been largely ignored. This review highlights the present knowledge on mitochondrial inheritance, especially the controversy and the difficulties in investigating paternal mitochondrial inheritance. More significantly, we present a comprehensive description of the physiological functions of paternal mitochondria in children and discuss the animal model to explore the mechanism of paternal mitochondrial inheritance. This review may provide a theoretical and experimental basis for improving our understanding of paternal mitochondrial inheritance, and also provide new ideas for treating mitochondrial diseases.