Huqi formula suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma growth by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and promoting T cell infiltration

Abstract Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses ongoing difficulties for public health systems due to its high incidence and poor prognosis. Huqi formula (HQF), a well-known prescription in traditional Chinese medicine, has demonstrated notable clinical effectiveness in the treatment of HCC. However, the mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects have yet to be completely elucidated. Purpose This study aimed to investigate the anti-HCC effects of HQF and its underlying mechanisms. Methods Chemical profiling and quantification of HQF were conducted by LC–MS and HPLC. Orthotopic and subcutaneous tumor models were established through hydrodynamic injection of Akt/Nras plasmids and subcutaneous injection of c-Met/sgPten cells, respectively, to evaluate the therapeutic effects of HQF on HCC. Network pharmacology, RNA-Seq, molecular docking, Western blot, and flow cytometry were employed to assess the anti-HCC mechanisms. Results LC–MS analysis identified 41 components, with HPLC quantification showing salvianolic acid B as the most abundant compound (0.303%). In Akt/Nras and c-Met/sgPten-induced HCC models, HQF significantly reduced tissue damage, improved liver function, and inhibited HCC progression. Mechanistic studies revealed that HQF induced apoptosis in HCC cells by downregulating p-PI3K, p-AKT, and p-mTOR expression, with molecular docking indicating the strongest binding affinity between salvianolic acid B and PI3K. HQF further enhanced CD4 + and CD8 + T cell infiltration within the tumor microenvironment. When combined with PD-1 therapy, HQF improved therapeutic efficacy against HCC. Finally, toxicity assays confirmed the safety profile of HQF. Conclusion HQF demonstrated significant anti-HCC effects and a synergistic effect with PD-1, could be used as an alternative therapeutic agent for HCC. Graphical Abstract