An easily available ratiometric AIE probe for peroxynitrite in vitro and in vivo imaging

Peroxynitrite (ONOO−), a potent oxidative and nitrating reagent that can damage a variety of molecules in cells is reported to be closely related to various diseases. To determine the physiological or pathophysiological concentrations of ONOO− and to deeply understand its pathophysiological processes strongly rely on the development of more powerful detection methods. Hereof, we fabricated the first ratiometric fluorescent probe by using aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) with superior photostability for efficient and reliable visualization of ONOO− both in vitro and in vivo. Probe BTCV-PN, obtained via simple two-step process, displayed superior photostability, remarkable sensitivity and outstanding specificity toward ONOO− through a ratiometric response mode. Furthermore, BTCV-PN was successfully applied for imaging of exogenous and endogenous ONOO− in live cells. Notably, in vivo imaging of ONOO− in live mice was also accomplished. The excellent performances plus the superior parameters of BTCV-PN including reliable ratiometric response and superior stability against photobleaching would not only make BTCV-PN a powerful tool-box for facilely investigating the cellular concentrations of ONOO−, but also open up an updated way for straightforward visualization of the pathophysiological process of ONOO− in live cells and animals. Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.