Solar-cell radiance standard for absolute electroluminescence measurements and open-circuit voltage mapping of silicon solar modules

In this work, we propose and demonstrate a durable and distributable Lambertian light-emitter secondary standard using the electroluminescence (EL) of a Si solar cell. This standard is useful for calibration of the absolute sensitivity of an EL-imaging infrared camera used to acquire quick on-site measurements of the absolute EL efficiencies of individual Si solar cells in modules and arrays. The developed method enables the realization of quantitative open-circuit voltage mapping.