Electrodeposition of Samarium Metal, Alloys, and Oxides: Advances in Aqueous and Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Systems

Samarium, a rare earth element, is crucial for advanced technological applications, particularly due to the exceptional magnetic properties of Sm_xCo_y intermetallics, discovered over 50 years ago. However, its growing significance and demand have highlighted concerns about scarce, commercially viable natural sources and the complex separation processes needed to isolate it from other lanthanides. In this context, electrodeposition has emerged as a versatile method for both synthesizing samarium materials and recovering the element. A major obstacle in applying electrolysis lies in the complex electrochemical behavior of samarium species, stemming from their highly negative electrochemical potential. While this limits the use of aqueous solutions, it also opens up possibilities for alternative solvents, such as molecular liquids, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, and molten salts. The electrochemical properties of samarium have prompted exploration into electrodeposition techniques for material synthesis and recycling. This review discusses various aqueous and non-aqueous electrolyte compositions, different electrolysis modes, and the role of cathode substrates. It also shows the potential of electrolysis in the fabrication of various cathode products (metal, alloys/intermetallics, inorganic compounds), highlighting both challenges and opportunities in its practical implementation.