Traps baited with dry ice outperform cloth drags for capturing ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in 3 widely separated geographic regions

Abstract Surveillance is crucial for monitoring tick populations and assessing disease risk. We tested the hypothesis that dry ice-baited traps with a downward-facing sticky surface and traditional drag cloths would be equally effective in capturing ticks in Texas, Oklahoma, and Wisconsin. Experiments ran for 69 to 100 d in the spring-summer of 2023 with three, 60-m-long rows of 4 traps each, spaced 20 m apart, perpendicular to 3, 60-m-long dragging transects with traps spaced 10 m on either side. Traps captured 84.2% of a total of 25,596 ticks, and 64.3% after adjusting the data to equalize the number of person-hours expended for each sampling method. For all 3 life stages of lone star ticks, Amblyomma americanum (L.), traps almost always caught the most ticks per person-hour. For larvae and nymphs of blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis (Say), and adult American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), trapping was either superior or similar to dragging. Correlation coefficients comparing numbers caught by trapping and dragging were generally positive for all 3 species. The magnitude of dragging needed to match the total catch in 1 trap ranged from 323 m2 for D. variabilis in Wisconsin to 511 m2 for A. americanum in Oklahoma. Trapping was also more sensitive than dragging at detecting rare tick species and experienced fewer failures to detect the presence of any ticks. These findings suggest that trapping holds promise as an alternative or supplement to current surveillance methods, pending development of a cost-effective commercial trap.