Recent advances in graphene allotropes-based fire detection sensors

Fire has been a transformative force in shaping human civilization, influencing everything from our daily activities to technological advancements and cultural practices. When uncontrolled, fire can lead to a range of severe consequences, including environmental impacts, loss of human lives, destruction of historical sites, and economic losses. The impact of fire accidents can be mitigated through fire prevention, early detection of fire, and firefighting strategies. The timely detection of fire is achieved through early fire warning systems equipped with fire-detecting sensors (FDSs). Graphene and graphene-related materials like graphite, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide offer a wide range of physio-chemical properties and are widely utilized to design and develop early fire detection sensors. Hence, this article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of recent advances in graphene and graphene-related materials-based FDSs, with an emphasis on their working mechanisms, fabrication methods, design strategies, and fire detection performances. The challenges related to graphene-based FDSs and suggestions for future research are also presented.