A comprehensive review of the medical and cosmetic applications of exosomes in dermatology

Abstract Background Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles that are released by all cell types and are theorized to play a crucial role in intercellular communication. Ranging from 40 to 160 nm in diameter, exosomes contain a variety of genetic materials including DNA, RNA, mRNA, metabolites, proteins, and lipids depending on their cellular origin. Aim Given that intercellular communication is abetted by the exchange of cellular components via exosomes, their applied use can have important implications for disease pathology and exosome‐based therapeutics. We provide a comprehensive review of the current application of exosomes in medical (and skin) diseases and in cutaneous medical aesthetics. Methods A literature search was conducted on PubMed reviewing exosomes and their application in medical and aesthetic fields. Results While the therapeutic use of exosomes in the treatment of medical and cosmetic dermatological procedures is promising, it is also important to note that most studies implementing exosomes as therapeutic agents have been conducted in preclinical models, thus highlighting the need for additional studies and clinical trials. One more important note in the aesthetic world associated with exosomes is that in the United States, at the time of this writing, exosomes may only be topically applied and not injected into the skin, as is done in many countries worldwide. Conclusion There is a need for additional studies and clinical trials to evaluate the safety and therapeutic effect and safety of exosomes in medical and aesthetic fields.