Platelet extracellular vesicles: Darkness and light of autoimmune diseases

Autoimmune diseases are characterized by a breakdown of immune tolerance, leading to inflammation and irreversible end-organ tissue damage. Platelet extracellular vesicles are cellular elements that are important in blood circulation and actively participate in inflammatory and immune responses through intercellular communication and interactions between inflammatory cells, immune cells, and their secreted factors. Therefore, platelet extracellular vesicles are the "accelerator" in the pathological process of autoimmune diseases; however, this robust set of functions of platelet extracellular vesicles has also prompted new advances in therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases. In this review, we update fundamental mechanisms based on platelet extracellular vesicles communication function in autoimmune diseases. We also focus on the potential role of platelet extracellular vesicles for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Some recent studies have found that antiplatelet aggregation drugs, specific biological agents can reduce the release of platelet extracellular vesicles. Platelet extracellular vesicles can also serve as vehicles to deliver drugs to targeted cells. It seems that we can try to silence or inhibit microRNA carried by platelet extracellular vesicles transcription and regulate the target cells to treat autoimmune diseases as platelet extracellular vesicles can transfer microRNA to other cells to regulate immune-inflammatory responses. Hopefully, the information presented here will provide hope for patients with autoimmune diseases.Autoimmune diseases patients are characterized by autoimmune disorders, whose immune system cannot distinguish between auto- and foreign-antigens. Autoimmune diseases is the third significant disease threatening human health after cardiovascular disease and cancer. However, the exact etiology of autoimmune diseases has yet to be fully elucidated. Several studies have shown that platelet extracellular vesicle content is elevated in multiple autoimmune disorders and positively correlates with disease activity. However, our knowledge about the details of the mechanisms still remains limited and fragmentary. This article updates the communication function of platelet extracellular vesicles in accelerating autoimmune and inflammatory responses. The interesting thing is every coin has two sides. We put forward a new treatment idea for AD based on the particular volume and powerful intercellular communication function of platelet extracellular vesicles. Inhibition of the communication function of platelet extracellular vesicles seems to be considered in the future, or silence or block miRNA of platelet extracellular vesicles involved in the pathogenesis of AD. We can even use it as a drug carrier to deliver the drug to the relevant target cells, thereby enhancing the role of the medicine in regulating immune response and inhibiting inflammation. This paper not only provides a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases but also provides theoretical support for the use of platelet extracellular vesicles to achieve targeted therapy.