Rapid heating (<2 Ma) to ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism via asthenospheric upwelling

Ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) metamorphism is the most thermally extreme form of regional crustal metamorphism, with temperatures exceeding 900°C. The duration and heat source of UHT metamorphism are critical constraints on the tectonic evolution of orogenic systems. Here, we report the discovery of a sapphirine-bearing granulite from the east-central Himalaya which preserves UHT evidence. The reconstructed pressure-temperature-time path indicates that the temperature increased by almost 200°C within ~2 Ma which is consistent with rapid asthenospheric heat input. Numerical simulations illustrate potential mechanisms for such heating: juxtaposition of the deep crustal accretionary system with the upwelling asthenospheric mantle through newly developed apertures generated by slab break-off and/or associated vertical tearing of down-going Indian lithosphere. Spatial-temporal consistencies among the UHT metamorphic phases, postcollisional magmatism, geophysical constraints, and crustal deformation indicate that slab break-off or tearing controls broad swaths of Himalayan tectonics. The consequent upwelling asthenosphere may have been a significant heat source for the Miocene Himalaya and for similar ancient collisional orogenic systems.