Voltage-controlled holography mediated with the metal ions sandwiched in TiO2/FTO electrodes for visual associative memory

Combining multiple physical fields to achieve on-demand signal conversion is essential. Optical manipulation based on holography, especially electric field-driven holography, can promote efficient information processing. However, there is a lack of a platform that can effectively connect optical recording/reading with electric field. Herein, we construct a photoelectrochemical reaction system with the metal ions sandwiched in TiO₂/FTO electrodes, which exhibits voltage-controlled holographic plasticity. The hysteresis of ion balance under photoelectric activation leads to switchable long-/short-term hologram memory with light intensity dependence. The enhancement of holographic visual information can be achieved through periodic electrical stimulation. This work provides a potential platform for optoelectrical memory devices and dynamic holographic displays.